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The falsificationism Popper or why Marx, Freud and Adler should remain outside of science.

Marx-Engels-Lenin-Stalin

Karl Popper
However the F lsificationiste argues that some theories that have a priori feature of Good scientific theories are in fact that aspect because they are not falsifiable, so they should be rejected. Popper argues that the historical materialism of Marx , psychoanalysis of Freud

and

psychology of Adler,

in terms of some of their versions at least, s ouffraient de ce défaut. Sa critique de la psychologie adlérienne peut être illustrée par l’exemple caricatural suivant.

La théorie d’Adler pose comme un principe fondamental que les actions humaines sont motivées par des sentiments d’infériorité. Voici un incident qui vient à l’appui de cette thèse : un homme se trouve au bord d’une rivière dangereuse lorsqu’un enfant, près de lui, tombe à l’eau. Ou bien l’homme plongera dans la rivière pour sauver l’enfant, ou bien il ne le fera. S’il le faut l’adlérien répondra que cela va dans le sens de his theory. The man obviously felt the need to overcome his inferiority complex by showing that he was brave enough to dive into the river, despite the danger. If instead there not dive, the Adlerian may also strengthen his theory. For man then overcomes his feelings of inferiority by proving he has the strength to remain unruffled on the bank, while the child runs. If this cartoon illustrates how Adlerian theory works, then the theory is not falsifiable. It matches any human behavior, and precisely For this reason, we do not learn anything of course, a thorough study of Adler's theory would be necessary before rejecting it on that basis, and we can not confine itself to caricature cited. But there are many theories of social, psychological and religious, in their desire to explain everything, eventually, it seems, by not explaining anything.

Alan Francis Chalmers What is science?

"the property is based on our horizon"